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  1. “136 4th Ave.” Wisconsin Historical Society. Accessed March 1, 2023. https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/NationalRegister/NR1719

  2. “America’s Prettiest Playhouse.” Al Ringling Theatre. Accessed March 1, 2023. https://www.alringling.org

  3. “Arrest Wreck Engineer.” The Chicago Sunday Tribune. June 23, 1918. https://www.newspapers.com/image/355263626

  4. “Baraboo.” Encyclopedia Britannica. Accessed March 1, 2023. https://www.britannica.com/place/Baraboo

  5. Barajas, Eric. “Could the Houston Zoo be haunted?” ABC 13. Accessed July 27, 2023. https://abc13.com/houston-zoo-ghosts-haunted/1054494

  6. “Ben Wallace.” Circuses and Sideshows. Accessed July 27, 2023. https://www.circusesandsideshows.com/index.html

  7. Benedict, Adam. “Folklore Profile: The Ghost Elephant.” Pine Barrens Institute. January 12, 2022. https://pinebarrensinstitute.com/cryptids/2021/7/21/folklore-profile-the-ghost-elephant

  8. Boissoneault, Lorraine. “The Hammond Train Wreck of 1918 Killed Scores of Circus Performers.” Smithsonian Magazine. June 22, 2018. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/hammond-train-wreck-disaster-1918-killed-dozens-circus-performers-180969428

  9. Bromley, Ben. “‘Ghost light’ returns to Ringling stage.” WiscNews. January 28, 2015. https://www.wiscnews.com/news/local/ghost-light-returns-to-ringling-stage/article_ae3008bf-fa31-5664-bfcd-47ff1ca98f20.html

  10. Cleary, Richard L. “National Register of Historic Places Inventory — Nomination Form: Al Ringling Theatre.” United States Department of the Interior. December 19, 1975. https://catalog.archives.gov/id/106782485

  11. Coleman, Loren. Mysterious America (Pocket Books, 2007). 

  12. D’Almeida, Cristina. “The History of the Ghost Light.” OnStage Blog. March 25, 2020. https://www.onstageblog.com/editorials/2020/3/25/the-history-of-the-ghost-light

  13. Daly, Michael. Topsy: The Startling Story of the Crooked-Tailed Elephant, P.T. Barnum, and the American Wizard, Thomas Edison (Atlantic Monthly Press, 2013).

  14. “Elephant’s Ghost.” The Mitchell Commercial. March 3, 1904. https://www.newspapers.com/image/580791329

  15. England, Jason. “Science of Pepper’s Ghost illusion.” Cosmos. August 13, 2018. https://cosmosmagazine.com/science/physics/the-science-behind-the-peppers-ghost-illusion

  16. Fox, Alison. “Ringling Bros. Circus Is Returning After a Years-long Hiatus — Without Animals.” Travel + Leisure. May 19, 2022. https://www.travelandleisure.com/attractions/ringling-brothers-relaunch-animal-free-show

  17. Gard, Robert Edward, and L.G. Sorden. Wisconsin Lore (Stanton & Lee, 1980).

  18. Grossman, Ron. “Flashback: Circus graveyard: Showmen's Rest and the Hagenbeck-Wallace tragedy of 1918.” Chicago Tribune. August 12, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20190518125329/https://www.chicagotribune.com/opinion/commentary/ct-circus-train-showmens-rest-flashback-perspec-0814-jm-20160810-story.html

  19. Higgins, Will. “The truths of the circus train crash of 1918 are more horrifying than myths.” IndyStar. June 20, 2018. https://www.indystar.com/story/entertainment/2018/06/20/hagenbeck-wallace-circus-train-crash-more-horrifying-than-myths/644289002

  20. Hintz, Charlie. “Girl to Gorilla Sideshow Act.” Cult of Weird. September 6, 2013. https://www.cultofweird.com/sideshow/girl-gorilla-grind-show

  21. Hlavaty, Craig. “Is the Houston Zoo haunted by the ghost of a former daredevil zookeeper?” Houston Chronicle. December 12, 2017. https://www.chron.com/news/houston-texas/houston/article/Is-Houston-Zoo-haunted-by-ghost-of-a-zookeeper-5853053.php

  22. Lardinois, Anna. The Ghostly Tales of Baraboo (Arcadia Publishing, 2022).

  23. Lytle, Richard M. The Great Circus Train Wreck of 1918: Tragedy on the Indiana Lakeshore (The History Press, 2011).

  24. Mahoney, Melissa. “The Legends Of Showmen’s Rest In Illinois May Send Chills Down Your Spine.” Only In Your State. January 10, 2022. https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/illinois/showmens-rest-cemetery-il

  25. “Man Mound.” Atlas Obscura. Accessed March 1, 2023. https://www.atlasobscura.com/places/man-mound

  26. “Minor Topics.” The New York Times. June 13, 1872. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1872/06/13/79957938.html?pageNumber=4

  27. Mordini, Shelley, and Gwen Herrewig. Haunted Baraboo (The History Press, 2021).

  28. “No More Elephants at Brookfield Zoo.” NBC 5 Chicago. September 23, 2010. https://www.nbcchicago.com/news/local/brookfield-zoo-joyce/1841043

  29. Ottenweller, Cecelia. “Marrying an Elephant, Adopting a Chimp: Tales From the Life of Houston’s Wildest Zookeeper.” Texas Monthly. May 3, 2023. https://www.texasmonthly.com/being-texan/life-of-hans-nagel-houstons-wildest-zookeeper

  30. “Remarkable Ghost Story.” Freeport Journal. July 15, 1874. https://www.newspapers.com/image/762385898

  31. Reyenga, Carolynn. “Story of Romeo, the Elephant.” Kuhmann. Accessed July 27, 2023. http://www.kuhmann.com/poetry/History/Story%20of%20Romeo%20(the%20Mabie%20Bros%20Circus%20Elephant).pdf

  32. “Ringling Brothers: The Beginnings of the ‘Greatest Show on Earth.’” Wisconsin Historical Society. Accessed March 1, 2023. https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS547

  33. “A Ringling Secret Remains in Baraboo, Wisconsin.” The Journal Record. December 5, 2019. https://journalrecord.com/2019/12/05/a-ringling-secret-remains-in-baraboo-wisconsin/

  34. Rossen, Jake. “How ‘Pepper’s Ghost’ Became the Toast of Victorian London.” Mental Floss. October 6, 2020. https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/631857/peppers-ghost-optical-illusion-the-toast-of-victorian-london

  35. Sauk County Historical Society. Baraboo (Arcadia Publishing, 2004). 

  36. Seely, Ron. “Authentic’s the word for circus parade.” Wisconsin State Journal. June 29, 1980. https://www.newspapers.com/image/405574652

  37. Shaw, Robert B. Down Brakes: A History of Railroad Accidents, Safety Precautions and Operating Practices in the United States of America (P.R. MacMillan, 1961). 

  38. “Showmen’s Rest.” The Showmen’s League of America. Accessed July 27, 2023. https://www.showmensleague.org/Showmens-Rest

  39. “Showmen’s Rest at Woodlawn Cemetery.” FrightFind. Accessed July 27, 2023. https://frightfind.com/showmens-rest-at-woodlawn-cemetery

  40. Swanson, Lorraine. “ Ghost Tour Explores Chicago's Clown Cemetery ‘Showmen’s Rest’.” Patch Chicago. May 10, 2022. https://patch.com/illinois/chicago/ghost-tour-explores-chicagos-clown-cemetery-showmens-rest

  41. Tobias, Ronald B. Behemoth: The History of the Elephant in America (Harper Perennial, 2013).

  42. Wallenfeldt, Jeff. “Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus.” Encyclopedia Britannica. January 11, 2023. https://www.britannica.com/topic/Ringling-Bros-and-Barnum-and-Bailey-Combined-Shows

  43. “What Ailed The Elephants.” New York Times. August 7, 1905. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1905/08/07/100491242.html?pageNumber=7

  44. Woodyard, Chris. “The Ghost of Romeo, the Circus Elephant.” Haunted Ohio. March 12, 2015. http://hauntedohiobooks.com/news/the-ghost-of-romeo-the-circus-elephant

  45. Wright, Andy. “The Story Behind the Ritual that Still Haunts Broadway.” Atlas Obscura. October 1, 2015. https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/the-story-behind-the-ritual-that-still-haunts-broadway

  46. “Zoo Animals.” Brookfield Zoo. Accessed July 27, 2023. https://www.czs.org/ZooAnimals