Sources from Legends 43

  1. Andersson, Lara. “The Swedish Tomte.” Swedish Press. 12/22/2018. https://swedishpress.com/the-genealogy-of-the-swedish-tomte/.

  2. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “St. Nicholas.” Encyclopedia Britannica. 3/29/2024. https://www.britannica.com/topic/bishop-Christianity.

  3. Butler, Mihaela Lica. “Who Are the Kallikantzaroi Greek Christmas Goblins?” Argophilia. 12/2/2023. https://www.argophilia.com/news/kallikantzaroi-greek-christmas-goblins/232499/#google_vignette.

  4. Davey, Steve. “The Legend of Tomte.” Cloudberry. 12/6/2017. https://cloudberryliving.co.uk/blogs/blog/the-legend-of-tomte.

  5. “Deadly Secrets: The Lawson Family Murder.” Fox 8. https://myfox8.com/true-crime-nc/deadly-secrets-the-lawson-family-murder/

  6. Dundas, Susie. “Beware the Yule Cat, Iceland’s Child-Eating Monster.” Atlas Obscura. December 22, 2023. https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/yule-cat-jolakotturinn-iceland

  7. “The Eight Strangest Christmas Traditions on Earth.” Yha. https://www.yha.com.au/travel-and-tours/traveller-stories/the-eight-strangest-christmas-traditions-on-earth/.

  8. “Fifteen Hundred Attend Funeral Services for Lawson Family.” The Atlanta Journal. December 29, 1929. https://www.newspapers.com/image/972070944/?match=1&terms="lawson family" + murder.

  9. Gee, Stanley. “Some Notes on Italian Folk Customs.” Folklore, vol. 93, no. 1, 1982, pp.93-97. JSTOR. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44005975.

  10. Haugh, Chris. “Ruprecht.” Stories in Stone. 7/7/2022. http://www.mountolivethistory.com/stories-in-stone-blog/ruprecht.

  11. Hawkins, Paul. Bad Santas And Other Creepy Christmas Characters. London: Simon & Schuster, 1988. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Bad_Santas_Disquieting_Winter_Folk_Tales/kduyfy30jDEC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Jólakötturinn&pg=PA114&printsec=frontcover

  12. Hess, Amanda. “Swedes Are Introverted and Cynical, and So Are Their Christmas Traditions.” Slate. 12/11/2015. https://slate.com/human-interest/2015/12/christmas-in-sweden-the-tomte-swedens-version-of-santa-claus-is-a-scary-gnome.html.

  13. Hughes, Robert. Barcelona. New York: Vintage Books. 1993. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Barcelona/mgKonzUWye8C?hl=en&gbpv=1.

  14. Ingebretsens. “Legend of the Nisse and Tomte.” Ingebretsen’s Nordic Marketplace. 12 20/2023. https://ingebretsens-blog.com/legend-of-the-nisse-and-tomte/.

  15. “Jenny Eugenia Nyström.” My Daily Art Display. 8/28/2021. https://mydailyartdisplay.uk/2021/08/28/jenny-eugenia-nystrom/.

  16. “Jenny Nyström.” Kalmar County Museum. https://kalmarlansmuseum.se/en/exhibitions/jenny-nystrom/.

  17. “Kallikantzaros.” US Ghost Adventures. https://usghostadventures.com/haunted-stories/25-days-of-christmas/kallikantzaros/.

  18. “Kallikantzaroi—Greek Christmas Goblins.” Greeker Than the Greeks. https://greekerthanthegreeks.com/greek-christmas-customs-traditions-2/#google_vignette.

  19. Karlsson, Áki Guðni. “The Yule Cat.” Icelandic Folklore. December 17, 2020. https://icelandicfolklore.is/the-yule-cat/

  20. “Knecht Ruprecht and the Christmas Elves.” FrogDiva Thoughts. 12/6/2018. https://frogdivathoughts.com/2018/12/06/knecht-ruprecht-and-the-christmas-elves/.

  21. “Knecht Ruprecht: Exploring the Enigmatic Figure of German Christmas Tradition.” German Culture. 7/3/2024. https://germanculture.com.ua/german-traditions/knecht-ruprecht/.

  22. “Knecht Ruprecht, The German Anti-Santa.” Cult of Weird. https://www.cultofweird.com/culture/knecht-ruprecht/.

  23. Lewis, Danny. “Each Christmas, Iceland’s Yule Cat Takes Fashion Policing to the Extreme.” Smithsonian Magazine. December 19, 2026. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/each-christmas-icelands-yule-cat-takes-fashion-policing-extreme-180961420/

  24. Lufolk, Alicia. “Exploring the World of Tomten: The Hidden Force Behind Sweden’s Farm Life.” Lufolk Blacksmithing. 5/25/2023. https://lufolk.com/en-us/blogs/paganism-and-folklore/swedish-folklore-tomte.

  25. Matsuo, Alex. “The Kallikantzaros: Creepy Christmas Monsters That Punish Sinners!” The Spooky Stuff. 12/27/2019. https://alexmatsuo.com/the-kallikantzaros-creepy-christmas-monsters-that-punish-sinners/.

  26. “Murder of the Lawson Family.” Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_the_Lawson_family#:~:text=The murder of the Lawson,six of his seven children.   

  27. Nickola, Kat. “Who is Knecht Ruprecht?” Stars and Stripes. 12/4/2023. https://europe.stripes.com/incoming/knecht-ruprecht-germany.html.

  28. “The Nisse Who Stole Fodder. (Scandinavian Folklore).” Five Minute Folklore. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NKWUbxFZtwU.

  29. “Nordic Folklore: 10 Swedish Tomte Facts.” The Forest Fairy. 3/4/2024. https://theforestfairy.com/the-swedish-tomte-scandinavian-folklore/.

  30. O’Brien, Sam. “The Danish Christmas Porridge that Appeased a Vengeful ‘House Elf.’” Atlas Obscura. 12/9/2020. https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/what-is-risengrod.

  31. “Only One Member of Family of 9 Left.” Statesville Record and Landmark. December 26, 1929. https://www.newspapers.com/image/11435631/?match=1&terms="lawson family" + murder + arthur.

  32. Paravantes, Maria. “Kallikantzari: The Trolls of Greek Christmas.” The Greek Vibe. 12/20/2022. https://www.thegreekvibe.com/kallikantzari-the-greek-trolls-of-christmas/.

  33. Perpiraki, Marialena. “Greek Christmas Trolls: Kallikantzaroi | Greek Folklore.” Helinika. 11/26/2021. https://helinika.com/2021/11/26/kallikantzaroi-greek-folklore/.

  34. Simpson, Jacqueline. Scandinavian Folktales. London: Penguin Books, 1988. https://archive.org/details/scandinavianfolk0233unse/page/166/mode/2up?q=poltergeist.

  35. Spitzenberger, Ray. “Saint Nicholas, Krampus, Knecht Ruprecht, and Rumplich.” Wharton Journal Spectator. 12/9/2021. https://www.journal-spectator.com/east_bernard_express/article_2fdee6ca-5908-11ec-b2c9-4b7fcdc1761d.html.

  36. “The Story of Tomte—The Christmas Gnome.” Tidbits & Twine. 12/10/2022. https://www.tidbitsandtwine.com/tomte/.

  37. “Who is Knecht Ruprecht? St/ Nicholas’s Christmas-time Companion.” German Girl in America. https://germangirlinamerica.com/who-is-knecht-ruprecht/.