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Sources from Legends 50

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  38. “Most Haunted Places in New York State.” Haunted Rooms America. [n.d.] https://www.hauntedrooms.com/new-york/haunted-places 

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  33. “Sad Fate of the White Doe.” The New York Times. April 22, 1888. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1888/04/22/106318858.html?pageNumber=11 

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  41. Sedgwick, Elisabeth. “10 Creepy Premonitions About The Sinking Of The Titanic.” Listverse. October 30, 2019. https://listverse.com/2019/10/30/10-creepy-premonitions-about-the-sinking-of-the-titanic/ 

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  41. “SS Peter and Paul’s Church, Tunstall.” Norfolk Heritage Explorer. https://www.heritage.norfolk.gov.uk/record-details?MNF10392-SS-Peter-and-Paul%27s-Church-Tunstall&Index=2&RecordCount=1&SessionID=c1ffe09f-cdd5-403c-ac69-1ace536bda77.

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  46. Spencer, Ann. And Round Me Rings: Bell Tales and Folklore. Toronto: Tundra Books, 2003. Digital. https://archive.org/details/androundmeringsb0000spen/page/224/mode/2up.

  47. “To the Editor of the Ipswich Journal.” Ipswich Journal. 3/8/1832. p.4. https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000071/18340308/012/0004.

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  49. Underwood, Peter. Dictionary of the Supernatural: An A to Z of Hauntings, Possession, Witchcraft, Demonology and Other Occult Phenomena. London: Harrap, 1978. Digital. https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofsupe0000unde/page/n5/mode/2up.

  50. Walker, J. W. Wakefield Its History and People. Vol. II. London: S. R. Publishers Ltd., 1966. Digital. https://archive.org/details/wakefieldithisto0002jwwa/page/630/mode/2up.

  51. Watson, Julie V. Ghost Stories & Legends of Prince Edward Island. Toronto: Dundurn Press, 1988. Digital. https://archive.org/details/ghoststorieslege0000wats/page/n5/mode/2up.

  52. Watson, Julie V. Shipwrecks & Seafaring Tales of Prince Edward Island. Halifax: Nimbus Publishing Ltd., 2009. Digital. https://archive.org/details/shipwrecksseafar0000wats/page/80/mode/2up.

  53. Westwood, Jennifer and Simpson, Jacqueline. Lore of the Land: A Guide to England's Legends From Spring-Heeled Jack to the Witches of Warboys. London: Penguin Books, 2006.

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  41. “Menagerie of the Tower of London.” Wonders of the World. https://www.wonders-of-the-world.net/Tower-of-London/Menagerie-of-the-tower-of-London.php

  42. Morris, Edd. “The Tower of London Ghosts: Headless Haunts, Suffocating Sensations and Wandering White Women.” Exploring Castles. https://www.exploring-castles.com/uk/england/tower_london_ghosts

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  45. “The Ravens.” Historic Royal Palaces. https://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/whats-on/the-ravens/#gs.c13u39

  46. Ridgway, Claire. “The Final Days of Anne Boleyn: Why Did She Die?” History Extra. 5/19/2021. https://www.historyextra.com/period/tudor/anne-boleyn-death-execution-where-buried-how-die

  47. “Royal Chapel.” Wonders of the World. https://www.wonders-of-the-world.net/Tower-of-London/Description/Chapel-royal.php

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  49. “The Story of the Tower of London.” Historic Royal Palaces. https://www.hrp.org.uk/tower-of-london/history-and-stories/the-story-of-the-tower-of-london/#gs.bzxw4x

  50. “Torture in the Tower of London, 1597.” EyeWitness to History. 2005. http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/torture.htm

  51. “Tower Hill History.” Benjidog Historical Research Resources: Merchant Navy Memorials at Tower Hill. https://www.benjidog.co.uk/Tower%20Hill/history.php

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  57. “Water-Gate Found.” Getty Images. https://www.gettyimages.com/detail/news-photo/the-newly-discovered-water-gate-built-by-king-henry-iii-in-news-photo/3254162

  58. “Weapons and Armors.” Wonders of the World. https://www.wonders-of-the-world.net/Tower-of-London/Weapons-and-armors.php

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  1. Andersson, Lara. “The Swedish Tomte.” Swedish Press. 12/22/2018. https://swedishpress.com/the-genealogy-of-the-swedish-tomte/.

  2. Britannica, The Editors of Encyclopaedia. “St. Nicholas.” Encyclopedia Britannica. 3/29/2024. https://www.britannica.com/topic/bishop-Christianity.

  3. Butler, Mihaela Lica. “Who Are the Kallikantzaroi Greek Christmas Goblins?” Argophilia. 12/2/2023. https://www.argophilia.com/news/kallikantzaroi-greek-christmas-goblins/232499/#google_vignette.

  4. Davey, Steve. “The Legend of Tomte.” Cloudberry. 12/6/2017. https://cloudberryliving.co.uk/blogs/blog/the-legend-of-tomte.

  5. “Deadly Secrets: The Lawson Family Murder.” Fox 8. https://myfox8.com/true-crime-nc/deadly-secrets-the-lawson-family-murder/

  6. Dundas, Susie. “Beware the Yule Cat, Iceland’s Child-Eating Monster.” Atlas Obscura. December 22, 2023. https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/yule-cat-jolakotturinn-iceland

  7. “The Eight Strangest Christmas Traditions on Earth.” Yha. https://www.yha.com.au/travel-and-tours/traveller-stories/the-eight-strangest-christmas-traditions-on-earth/.

  8. “Fifteen Hundred Attend Funeral Services for Lawson Family.” The Atlanta Journal. December 29, 1929. https://www.newspapers.com/image/972070944/?match=1&terms="lawson family" + murder.

  9. Gee, Stanley. “Some Notes on Italian Folk Customs.” Folklore, vol. 93, no. 1, 1982, pp.93-97. JSTOR. http://www.jstor.org/stable/44005975.

  10. Haugh, Chris. “Ruprecht.” Stories in Stone. 7/7/2022. http://www.mountolivethistory.com/stories-in-stone-blog/ruprecht.

  11. Hawkins, Paul. Bad Santas And Other Creepy Christmas Characters. London: Simon & Schuster, 1988. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Bad_Santas_Disquieting_Winter_Folk_Tales/kduyfy30jDEC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Jólakötturinn&pg=PA114&printsec=frontcover

  12. Hess, Amanda. “Swedes Are Introverted and Cynical, and So Are Their Christmas Traditions.” Slate. 12/11/2015. https://slate.com/human-interest/2015/12/christmas-in-sweden-the-tomte-swedens-version-of-santa-claus-is-a-scary-gnome.html.

  13. Hughes, Robert. Barcelona. New York: Vintage Books. 1993. https://www.google.com/books/edition/Barcelona/mgKonzUWye8C?hl=en&gbpv=1.

  14. Ingebretsens. “Legend of the Nisse and Tomte.” Ingebretsen’s Nordic Marketplace. 12 20/2023. https://ingebretsens-blog.com/legend-of-the-nisse-and-tomte/.

  15. “Jenny Eugenia Nyström.” My Daily Art Display. 8/28/2021. https://mydailyartdisplay.uk/2021/08/28/jenny-eugenia-nystrom/.

  16. “Jenny Nyström.” Kalmar County Museum. https://kalmarlansmuseum.se/en/exhibitions/jenny-nystrom/.

  17. “Kallikantzaros.” US Ghost Adventures. https://usghostadventures.com/haunted-stories/25-days-of-christmas/kallikantzaros/.

  18. “Kallikantzaroi—Greek Christmas Goblins.” Greeker Than the Greeks. https://greekerthanthegreeks.com/greek-christmas-customs-traditions-2/#google_vignette.

  19. Karlsson, Áki Guðni. “The Yule Cat.” Icelandic Folklore. December 17, 2020. https://icelandicfolklore.is/the-yule-cat/

  20. “Knecht Ruprecht and the Christmas Elves.” FrogDiva Thoughts. 12/6/2018. https://frogdivathoughts.com/2018/12/06/knecht-ruprecht-and-the-christmas-elves/.

  21. “Knecht Ruprecht: Exploring the Enigmatic Figure of German Christmas Tradition.” German Culture. 7/3/2024. https://germanculture.com.ua/german-traditions/knecht-ruprecht/.

  22. “Knecht Ruprecht, The German Anti-Santa.” Cult of Weird. https://www.cultofweird.com/culture/knecht-ruprecht/.

  23. Lewis, Danny. “Each Christmas, Iceland’s Yule Cat Takes Fashion Policing to the Extreme.” Smithsonian Magazine. December 19, 2026. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/each-christmas-icelands-yule-cat-takes-fashion-policing-extreme-180961420/

  24. Lufolk, Alicia. “Exploring the World of Tomten: The Hidden Force Behind Sweden’s Farm Life.” Lufolk Blacksmithing. 5/25/2023. https://lufolk.com/en-us/blogs/paganism-and-folklore/swedish-folklore-tomte.

  25. Matsuo, Alex. “The Kallikantzaros: Creepy Christmas Monsters That Punish Sinners!” The Spooky Stuff. 12/27/2019. https://alexmatsuo.com/the-kallikantzaros-creepy-christmas-monsters-that-punish-sinners/.

  26. “Murder of the Lawson Family.” Wikipedia. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Murder_of_the_Lawson_family#:~:text=The murder of the Lawson,six of his seven children.   

  27. Nickola, Kat. “Who is Knecht Ruprecht?” Stars and Stripes. 12/4/2023. https://europe.stripes.com/incoming/knecht-ruprecht-germany.html.

  28. “The Nisse Who Stole Fodder. (Scandinavian Folklore).” Five Minute Folklore. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NKWUbxFZtwU.

  29. “Nordic Folklore: 10 Swedish Tomte Facts.” The Forest Fairy. 3/4/2024. https://theforestfairy.com/the-swedish-tomte-scandinavian-folklore/.

  30. O’Brien, Sam. “The Danish Christmas Porridge that Appeased a Vengeful ‘House Elf.’” Atlas Obscura. 12/9/2020. https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/what-is-risengrod.

  31. “Only One Member of Family of 9 Left.” Statesville Record and Landmark. December 26, 1929. https://www.newspapers.com/image/11435631/?match=1&terms="lawson family" + murder + arthur.

  32. Paravantes, Maria. “Kallikantzari: The Trolls of Greek Christmas.” The Greek Vibe. 12/20/2022. https://www.thegreekvibe.com/kallikantzari-the-greek-trolls-of-christmas/.

  33. Perpiraki, Marialena. “Greek Christmas Trolls: Kallikantzaroi | Greek Folklore.” Helinika. 11/26/2021. https://helinika.com/2021/11/26/kallikantzaroi-greek-folklore/.

  34. Simpson, Jacqueline. Scandinavian Folktales. London: Penguin Books, 1988. https://archive.org/details/scandinavianfolk0233unse/page/166/mode/2up?q=poltergeist.

  35. Spitzenberger, Ray. “Saint Nicholas, Krampus, Knecht Ruprecht, and Rumplich.” Wharton Journal Spectator. 12/9/2021. https://www.journal-spectator.com/east_bernard_express/article_2fdee6ca-5908-11ec-b2c9-4b7fcdc1761d.html.

  36. “The Story of Tomte—The Christmas Gnome.” Tidbits & Twine. 12/10/2022. https://www.tidbitsandtwine.com/tomte/.

  37. “Who is Knecht Ruprecht? St/ Nicholas’s Christmas-time Companion.” German Girl in America. https://germangirlinamerica.com/who-is-knecht-ruprecht/.

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  1. Androw, Thomas. The Old Jersey Captive: Or a Narrative of the Captivity of Thomas Andros on Board the Old Jersey Prison Ship at New York 1781. Boston: William Peirce, 1833. Digital. https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Old_Jersey_Captive/sTZPAAAAYAAJ?q=&gbpv=1#f=false

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  14. Downer, Deborah. Classic American Ghost Stories. Little Rock: August House Publishers, Inc., 1990. https://archive.org/details/classicamericang00down/page/n7/mode/2up?view=theater.

  15. “Ghost in Millvale Church Seen by Painter of Murals.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 3/19/1938. pp. 1, 5. https://www.newspapers.com/image/88657894/?fcfToken=eyJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiIsInR5cCI6IkpXVCJ9.eyJmcmVlLXZpZXctaWQiOjg4NjU3ODk0LCJpYXQiOjE3MTgwNDI3NjYsImV4cCI6MTcxODEyOTE2Nn0.PVJdwiAa8XhcqN06oE3T7R4-CYxk4JPKbtJ17H6R4l0.

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  18. Hildebrandt, Maik. “Medieval Ghosts: The Stories of the Monk of Byland.” Ghosts -  or the (Nearly) Invisible: Spectral Phenomena in Literature and the Media, edited by Maria Fleischhack and Elmar Schenkel, Peter Lang AG, 2016, pp.13-24. JSTOR. https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv2t4d7f.5?searchText=ghosts+in+the+early+church&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dghosts%2Bin%2Bthe%2Bearly%2Bchurch%26so%3Drel&ab_segments=0%2Fbasic_search_gsv2%2Fcontrol&refreqid=fastly-default%3A640ae1353f47318a0995896cf7546e34&seq=10.

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  25. Kuiper, Andres. “Tracing Ghosts in the Theological Tradition.” University of Notre Dame. 11/1/2019. https://churchlifejournal.nd.edu/articles/searching-the-theological-tradition-for-ghosts/.

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  34. McDonald, Thomas L. “Ghosts in the Bible: New Testament.” Weird Catholic. 7/9/2018. https://weirdcatholic.com/2018/07/09/ghost-in-the-bible-new-testament/.

  35. McDonald, Thomas L. “Ghosts in the Bible: The Old Testament.” Weird Catholic. 7/4/2018. https://weirdcatholic.com/2018/07/04/ghosts-in-the-bible-the-old-testament/.

  36. McEwan, Graham J. Haunted Churches of England: Ghosts Ancient and Modern. London: Robert Hale, 1989. https://archive.org/details/hauntedchurcheso0000mcew/page/54/mode/2up.

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  38. Mink, Michael. “Did St. Nick Leave You Goodies This Winter, Coal in Your Stocking, Or…A Good Ghost Story?” Spooky Things Online. 3/12/2013. https://spookythingsonline.wordpress.com/2013/03/12/did-st-nick-leave-you-goodies-this-winter-coal-in-your-stocking-or-a-good-ghost-story/. 

  39. Moran, Mark and Sceurman, Mark. Weird U.S. New York: Sterling Publishing Co., Inc, 2005. https://archive.org/details/weirdus00mark/page/n7/mode/2up.

  40. Moulton, Gavin. “Maxo Vanka’s Radical Gaze.” BELT Magazine. 9/13/2023. https://beltmag.com/maxo-vankas-radical-gaze/.

  41. Namee, Matthew. “The Ghost Story of the Bulgarian Monk.” Orthodox History. 2/11/2010. https://orthodoxhistory.org/2010/02/11/the-ghost-story-of-the-bulgarian-monk/.

  42. Names, Matthew. “New Details on the Mysterious “Bulgarian Monk.”” Orthodox History. 6/7/2012. https://orthodoxhistory.org/2012/06/07/new-details-on-the-mysterious-bulgarian-monk/.

  43. Norman, Michael and Scott, Beth. Historic Haunted America. New York: A Tom Doherty Associates Book. E-book.

  44. “Nun Drowned in Small Pond.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 3/23/1949, p.17. https://www.newspapers.com/image/89743309/?match=1&terms=Sisters%20of%20Divine%20Providence.

  45. Ogunkoya, Niyi. “The Testimony of Maxo Vanka at St. Nicholas.” Medium. 11/17/2023. https://medium.com/@niyiogunkoya75/the-testimony-of-maxo-vanka-at-st-nicholas-5d76df4a6364. 

  46. “The Painter and the Ghost—Maxo Vanka, the St Nicholas Murals, and the Millvlae Apparition.” The Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy: Earth Edition. Updated 6/15/2023. https://h2g2.com/edited_entry/A88031379#google_vignette.

  47. Reichle, Sarah. “Tales From the La Roche Crypt.” The La Roche Courier. Vol. 20, Issue 2. 11/2/2015. pp. 2, 9. https://library.laroche.edu/sites/default/files/Vol.%2020,%20Issue%202%20November%202,%202015.pdf.

  48. “St. Nicholas Croatian Church.” Great American Ghost Tour. http://www.greatamericanghosttour.co.uk/Pages/Pennsylvania/Millvale.html.

  49. “Saint Nicholas, Millvalle.” Catholic Diocese of Pittsburgh. https://diopitt.org/saint-nicholas-millvale.

  50. St. Perpetua. “The Passion of Saints Perpetua and Felicity.” Medieval Sourcebook. https://sourcebooks.web.fordham.edu/source/perpetua.asp.

  51. “Saints Perpetua and Felicitas, Martyrs.” Sacredspace. https://livingspace.sacredspace.ie/f0307s/.

  52. Schmitt, Jean-Claude. Ghosts in the Middle Ages: The Living and the Dead in Medieval Society. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1998. https://books.google.bs/books?id=A6SzlCAARqcC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false.

  53. Sedgwick, Icy. “Capital.” Icy Sedgwick. 5/20/2023. https://www.icysedgwick.com/barcelona-ghost-stories/.

  54. Straw, Carole and Sivaramamurti, Calambur. “St. Gregory the Great.” Encyclopedia Britannica. 6/4/2024. https://www.britannica.com/biography/St-Gregory-the-Great/Writings-and-influence.

  55. Talbot, Ethelbert. My People of the Plains. New York: Harper & Brothers Publishers, 1906. https://archive.org/details/mypeopleofplains0000talb_k7p3/page/n7/mode/2up.

  56. “‘That Time Was a Blessed and Happy One…’” A Clerk of Oxford. 7/15/2017. https://aclerkofoxford.blogspot.com/2017/07/that-time-was-blessed-and-happy-one.html.

  57. Thompson, R.E.S. “Scribe Disappointed (?) In Search For Ghost.” Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. 3/21/1938. pp.1, 3. https://www.newspapers.com/image/88657918/?match=1&terms=Maxo%20Vanka.

  58. White, Thomas. “Catholic Ghost Stories of Western Pennsylvania.” https://dsc.duq.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1158&context=gf.

  59. “Yorkshire Ghosts, Folklore and Forteana.” The Paranormal Database. https://www.paranormaldatabase.com/yorkshire/Pages/yorkdata.php?pageNum_paradata=30&totalRows_paradata=776.

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